The Neural Basis Expansion Analysis (NBEATS) is an MLP-based deep neural architecture with backward and forward residual links. The network has two variants: (1) in its interpretable configuration, NBEATS sequentially projects the signal into polynomials and harmonic basis to learn trend and seasonality components; (2) in its generic configuration, it substitutes the polynomial and harmonic basis for identity basis and larger network’s depth. The Neural Basis Expansion Analysis with Exogenous (NBEATSx), incorporates projections to exogenous temporal variables available at the time of the prediction.

This method proved state-of-the-art performance on the M3, M4, and Tourism Competition datasets, improving accuracy by 3% over the ESRNN M4 competition winner. For Electricity Price Forecasting tasks NBEATSx model improved accuracy by 20% and 5% over ESRNN and NBEATS, and 5% on task-specialized architectures.

References
-Boris N. Oreshkin, Dmitri Carpov, Nicolas Chapados, Yoshua Bengio (2019). “N-BEATS: Neural basis expansion analysis for interpretable time series forecasting”.
-Kin G. Olivares, Cristian Challu, Grzegorz Marcjasz, Rafał Weron, Artur Dubrawski (2021). “Neural basis expansion analysis with exogenous variables: Forecasting electricity prices with NBEATSx”.

source

​
NBEATSx

 NBEATSx (h, input_size, futr_exog_list=None, hist_exog_list=None,
          stat_exog_list=None, exclude_insample_y=False, n_harmonics=2,
          n_polynomials=2, stack_types:list=['identity', 'trend',
          'seasonality'], n_blocks:list=[1, 1, 1], mlp_units:list=[[512,
          512], [512, 512], [512, 512]], dropout_prob_theta=0.0,
          activation='ReLU', shared_weights=False, loss=MAE(),
          valid_loss=None, max_steps:int=1000, learning_rate:float=0.001,
          num_lr_decays:int=3, early_stop_patience_steps:int=-1,
          val_check_steps:int=100, batch_size=32,
          valid_batch_size:Optional[int]=None,
          windows_batch_size:int=1024,
          inference_windows_batch_size:int=-1,
          start_padding_enabled:bool=False, step_size:int=1,
          scaler_type:str='identity', random_seed:int=1,
          num_workers_loader:int=0, drop_last_loader:bool=False,
          optimizer=None, optimizer_kwargs=None, **trainer_kwargs)

*NBEATSx

The Neural Basis Expansion Analysis with Exogenous variables (NBEATSx) is a simple and effective deep learning architecture. It is built with a deep stack of MLPs with doubly residual connections. The NBEATSx architecture includes additional exogenous blocks, extending NBEATS capabilities and interpretability. With its interpretable version, NBEATSx decomposes its predictions on seasonality, trend, and exogenous effects.

Parameters:
h: int, Forecast horizon.
input_size: int, autorregresive inputs size, y=[1,2,3,4] input_size=2 -> y_[t-2:t]=[1,2].
stat_exog_list: str list, static exogenous columns.
hist_exog_list: str list, historic exogenous columns.
futr_exog_list: str list, future exogenous columns.
exclude_insample_y: bool=False, the model skips the autoregressive features y[t-input_size:t] if True.
n_harmonics: int, Number of harmonic oscillations in the SeasonalityBasis [cos(i * t/n_harmonics), sin(i * t/n_harmonics)]. Note that it will only be used if ‘seasonality’ is in stack_types.
n_polynomials: int, Number of polynomial terms for TrendBasis [1,t,…,t^n_poly]. Note that it will only be used if ‘trend’ is in stack_types.
stack_types: List[str], List of stack types. Subset from [‘seasonality’, ‘trend’, ‘identity’].
n_blocks: List[int], Number of blocks for each stack. Note that len(n_blocks) = len(stack_types).
mlp_units: List[List[int]], Structure of hidden layers for each stack type. Each internal list should contain the number of units of each hidden layer. Note that len(n_hidden) = len(stack_types).
dropout_prob_theta: float, Float between (0, 1). Dropout for N-BEATS basis.
activation: str, activation from [‘ReLU’, ‘Softplus’, ‘Tanh’, ‘SELU’, ‘LeakyReLU’, ‘PReLU’, ‘Sigmoid’].
loss: PyTorch module, instantiated train loss class from losses collection.
valid_loss: PyTorch module=loss, instantiated valid loss class from losses collection.
max_steps: int=1000, maximum number of training steps.
learning_rate: float=1e-3, Learning rate between (0, 1).
num_lr_decays: int=3, Number of learning rate decays, evenly distributed across max_steps.
early_stop_patience_steps: int=-1, Number of validation iterations before early stopping.
val_check_steps: int=100, Number of training steps between every validation loss check.
batch_size: int=32, number of different series in each batch.
valid_batch_size: int=None, number of different series in each validation and test batch, if None uses batch_size.
windows_batch_size: int=1024, number of windows to sample in each training batch, default uses all.
inference_windows_batch_size: int=-1, number of windows to sample in each inference batch, -1 uses all.
start_padding_enabled: bool=False, if True, the model will pad the time series with zeros at the beginning, by input size.
step_size: int=1, step size between each window of temporal data.
scaler_type: str=‘identity’, type of scaler for temporal inputs normalization see temporal scalers.
random_seed: int, random seed initialization for replicability.
num_workers_loader: int=os.cpu_count(), workers to be used by TimeSeriesDataLoader.
drop_last_loader: bool=False, if True TimeSeriesDataLoader drops last non-full batch.
alias: str, optional, Custom name of the model.
optimizer: Subclass of ‘torch.optim.Optimizer’, optional, user specified optimizer instead of the default choice (Adam).
optimizer_kwargs: dict, optional, list of parameters used by the user specified optimizer.
**trainer_kwargs: int, keyword trainer arguments inherited from PyTorch Lighning’s trainer.

References:
-Kin G. Olivares, Cristian Challu, Grzegorz Marcjasz, Rafał Weron, Artur Dubrawski (2021). “Neural basis expansion analysis with exogenous variables: Forecasting electricity prices with NBEATSx”.*

​
NBEATSx.fit

 NBEATSx.fit (dataset, val_size=0, test_size=0, random_seed=None,
              distributed_config=None)

*Fit.

The fit method, optimizes the neural network’s weights using the initialization parameters (learning_rate, windows_batch_size, …) and the loss function as defined during the initialization. Within fit we use a PyTorch Lightning Trainer that inherits the initialization’s self.trainer_kwargs, to customize its inputs, see PL’s trainer arguments.

The method is designed to be compatible with SKLearn-like classes and in particular to be compatible with the StatsForecast library.

By default the model is not saving training checkpoints to protect disk memory, to get them change enable_checkpointing=True in __init__.

Parameters:
dataset: NeuralForecast’s TimeSeriesDataset, see documentation.
val_size: int, validation size for temporal cross-validation.
random_seed: int=None, random_seed for pytorch initializer and numpy generators, overwrites model.__init__’s.
test_size: int, test size for temporal cross-validation.
*

​
NBEATSx.predict

 NBEATSx.predict (dataset, test_size=None, step_size=1, random_seed=None,
                  **data_module_kwargs)

*Predict.

Neural network prediction with PL’s Trainer execution of predict_step.

Parameters:
dataset: NeuralForecast’s TimeSeriesDataset, see documentation.
test_size: int=None, test size for temporal cross-validation.
step_size: int=1, Step size between each window.
random_seed: int=None, random_seed for pytorch initializer and numpy generators, overwrites model.__init__’s.
**data_module_kwargs: PL’s TimeSeriesDataModule args, see documentation.*

​
Usage Example

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import pytorch_lightning as pl
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

from neuralforecast import NeuralForecast
from neuralforecast.models import NBEATSx
from neuralforecast.losses.pytorch import MQLoss, DistributionLoss
from neuralforecast.tsdataset import TimeSeriesDataset
from neuralforecast.utils import AirPassengers, AirPassengersPanel, AirPassengersStatic

Y_train_df = AirPassengersPanel[AirPassengersPanel.ds<AirPassengersPanel['ds'].values[-12]] # 132 train
Y_test_df = AirPassengersPanel[AirPassengersPanel.ds>=AirPassengersPanel['ds'].values[-12]].reset_index(drop=True) # 12 test

model = NBEATSx(h=12, input_size=24,
                #loss=MQLoss(level=[80, 90]),
                loss=DistributionLoss(distribution='Normal', level=[80, 90]),
                scaler_type='robust',
                dropout_prob_theta=0.5,
                stat_exog_list=['airline1'],
                futr_exog_list=['trend'],
                max_steps=200,
                val_check_steps=10,
                early_stop_patience_steps=2)

nf = NeuralForecast(
    models=[model],
    freq='M'
)
nf.fit(df=Y_train_df, static_df=AirPassengersStatic, val_size=12)
Y_hat_df = nf.predict(futr_df=Y_test_df)

# Plot quantile predictions
Y_hat_df = Y_hat_df.reset_index(drop=False).drop(columns=['unique_id','ds'])
plot_df = pd.concat([Y_test_df, Y_hat_df], axis=1)
plot_df = pd.concat([Y_train_df, plot_df])

plot_df = plot_df[plot_df.unique_id=='Airline1'].drop('unique_id', axis=1)
plt.plot(plot_df['ds'], plot_df['y'], c='black', label='True')
plt.plot(plot_df['ds'], plot_df['NBEATSx'], c='purple', label='mean')
plt.plot(plot_df['ds'], plot_df['NBEATSx-median'], c='blue', label='median')
plt.fill_between(x=plot_df['ds'][-12:], 
                 y1=plot_df['NBEATSx-lo-90'][-12:].values, 
                 y2=plot_df['NBEATSx-hi-90'][-12:].values,
                 alpha=0.4, label='level 90')
plt.legend()
plt.grid()
plt.plot()
NBEATSTFT