GRU

Cho et. al proposed the Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) to improve on LSTM and Elman cells. The predictions at each time are given by a MLP decoder. This architecture follows closely the original Multi Layer Elman RNN with the main difference being its use of the GRU cells. The predictions are obtained by transforming the hidden states into contexts $\mathbf{c}_{[t+1:t+H]}$, that are decoded and adapted into $\mathbf{\hat{y}}_{[t+1:t+H],[q]}$ through MLPs.

where $\mathbf{h}_{t}$, is the hidden state for time $t$, $\mathbf{y}_{t}$ is the input at time $t$ and $\mathbf{h}_{t-1}$ is the hidden state of the previous layer at $t-1$, $\mathbf{x}^{(s)}$ are static exogenous inputs, $\mathbf{x}^{(h)}_{t}$ historic exogenous, $\mathbf{x}^{(f)}_{[:t+H]}$ are future exogenous available at the time of the prediction.

References
-Junyoung Chung, Caglar Gulcehre, KyungHyun Cho, Yoshua Bengio (2014). “Empirical Evaluation of Gated Recurrent Neural Networks on Sequence Modeling”.
-Kyunghyun Cho, Bart van Merrienboer, Dzmitry Bahdanau, Yoshua Bengio (2014). “On the Properties of Neural Machine Translation: Encoder-Decoder Approaches”.

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GRU

 GRU (h:int, input_size:int=-1, inference_input_size:int=-1,
      encoder_n_layers:int=2, encoder_hidden_size:int=200,
      encoder_activation:Optional[str]=None, encoder_bias:bool=True,
      encoder_dropout:float=0.0, context_size:int=10,
      decoder_hidden_size:int=200, decoder_layers:int=2,
      futr_exog_list=None, hist_exog_list=None, stat_exog_list=None,
      loss=MAE(), valid_loss=None, max_steps:int=1000,
      learning_rate:float=0.001, num_lr_decays:int=-1,
      early_stop_patience_steps:int=-1, val_check_steps:int=100,
      batch_size=32, valid_batch_size:Optional[int]=None,
      scaler_type:str='robust', random_seed=1, num_workers_loader=0,
      drop_last_loader=False, optimizer=None, optimizer_kwargs=None,
      lr_scheduler=None, lr_scheduler_kwargs=None, dataloader_kwargs=None,
      **trainer_kwargs)

*GRU

Multi Layer Recurrent Network with Gated Units (GRU), and MLP decoder. The network has non-linear activation functions, it is trained using ADAM stochastic gradient descent. The network accepts static, historic and future exogenous data, flattens the inputs.

**Parameters:**<br/>

h: int, forecast horizon.
input_size: int, maximum sequence length for truncated train backpropagation. Default -1 uses all history.
inference_input_size: int, maximum sequence length for truncated inference. Default -1 uses all history.
encoder_n_layers: int=2, number of layers for the GRU.
encoder_hidden_size: int=200, units for the GRU’s hidden state size.
encoder_activation: Optional[str]=None, Deprecated. Activation function in GRU is frozen in PyTorch.
encoder_bias: bool=True, whether or not to use biases b_ih, b_hh within GRU units.
encoder_dropout: float=0., dropout regularization applied to GRU outputs.
context_size: int=10, size of context vector for each timestamp on the forecasting window.
decoder_hidden_size: int=200, size of hidden layer for the MLP decoder.
decoder_layers: int=2, number of layers for the MLP decoder.
futr_exog_list: str list, future exogenous columns.
hist_exog_list: str list, historic exogenous columns.
stat_exog_list: str list, static exogenous columns.
loss: PyTorch module, instantiated train loss class from losses collection.
valid_loss: PyTorch module=loss, instantiated valid loss class from losses collection.
max_steps: int=1000, maximum number of training steps.
learning_rate: float=1e-3, Learning rate between (0, 1).
num_lr_decays: int=-1, Number of learning rate decays, evenly distributed across max_steps.
early_stop_patience_steps: int=-1, Number of validation iterations before early stopping.
val_check_steps: int=100, Number of training steps between every validation loss check.
batch_size: int=32, number of differentseries in each batch.
valid_batch_size: int=None, number of different series in each validation and test batch.
scaler_type: str=‘robust’, type of scaler for temporal inputs normalization see temporal scalers.
random_seed: int=1, random_seed for pytorch initializer and numpy generators.
num_workers_loader: int=os.cpu_count(), workers to be used by TimeSeriesDataLoader.
drop_last_loader: bool=False, if True TimeSeriesDataLoader drops last non-full batch.
alias: str, optional, Custom name of the model.
optimizer: Subclass of ‘torch.optim.Optimizer’, optional, user specified optimizer instead of the default choice (Adam).
optimizer_kwargs: dict, optional, list of parameters used by the user specified optimizer.
lr_scheduler: Subclass of ‘torch.optim.lr_scheduler.LRScheduler’, optional, user specified lr_scheduler instead of the default choice (StepLR).
lr_scheduler_kwargs: dict, optional, list of parameters used by the user specified lr_scheduler.
dataloader_kwargs: dict, optional, list of parameters passed into the PyTorch Lightning dataloader by the TimeSeriesDataLoader.
**trainer_kwargs: int, keyword trainer arguments inherited from PyTorch Lighning’s trainer.
*

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GRU.fit

 GRU.fit (dataset, val_size=0, test_size=0, random_seed=None,
          distributed_config=None)

*Fit.

The fit method, optimizes the neural network’s weights using the initialization parameters (learning_rate, batch_size, …) and the loss function as defined during the initialization. Within fit we use a PyTorch Lightning Trainer that inherits the initialization’s self.trainer_kwargs, to customize its inputs, see PL’s trainer arguments.

The method is designed to be compatible with SKLearn-like classes and in particular to be compatible with the StatsForecast library.

By default the model is not saving training checkpoints to protect disk memory, to get them change enable_checkpointing=True in __init__.

Parameters:
dataset: NeuralForecast’s TimeSeriesDataset, see documentation.
val_size: int, validation size for temporal cross-validation.
test_size: int, test size for temporal cross-validation.
random_seed: int=None, random_seed for pytorch initializer and numpy generators, overwrites model.__init__’s.
*

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GRU.predict

 GRU.predict (dataset, step_size=1, random_seed=None,
              **data_module_kwargs)

*Predict.

Neural network prediction with PL’s Trainer execution of predict_step.

Parameters:
dataset: NeuralForecast’s TimeSeriesDataset, see documentation.
step_size: int=1, Step size between each window.
random_seed: int=None, random_seed for pytorch initializer and numpy generators, overwrites model.__init__’s.
**data_module_kwargs: PL’s TimeSeriesDataModule args, see documentation.*

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Usage Example

import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

from neuralforecast import NeuralForecast
# from neuralforecast.models import GRU
from neuralforecast.losses.pytorch import DistributionLoss
from neuralforecast.utils import AirPassengersPanel, AirPassengersStatic

Y_train_df = AirPassengersPanel[AirPassengersPanel.ds<AirPassengersPanel['ds'].values[-12]] # 132 train
Y_test_df = AirPassengersPanel[AirPassengersPanel.ds>=AirPassengersPanel['ds'].values[-12]].reset_index(drop=True) # 12 test

fcst = NeuralForecast(
    models=[GRU(h=12,input_size=-1,
                loss=DistributionLoss(distribution='Normal', level=[80, 90]),
                scaler_type='robust',
                encoder_n_layers=2,
                encoder_hidden_size=128,
                context_size=10,
                decoder_hidden_size=128,
                decoder_layers=2,
                max_steps=200,
                futr_exog_list=None,
                hist_exog_list=['y_[lag12]'],
                stat_exog_list=['airline1'],
                )
    ],
    freq='M'
)
fcst.fit(df=Y_train_df, static_df=AirPassengersStatic)
forecasts = fcst.predict(futr_df=Y_test_df)

Y_hat_df = forecasts.reset_index(drop=False).drop(columns=['unique_id','ds'])
plot_df = pd.concat([Y_test_df, Y_hat_df], axis=1)
plot_df = pd.concat([Y_train_df, plot_df])

plot_df = plot_df[plot_df.unique_id=='Airline1'].drop('unique_id', axis=1)
plt.plot(plot_df['ds'], plot_df['y'], c='black', label='True')
plt.plot(plot_df['ds'], plot_df['GRU-median'], c='blue', label='median')
plt.fill_between(x=plot_df['ds'][-12:], 
                 y1=plot_df['GRU-lo-90'][-12:].values, 
                 y2=plot_df['GRU-hi-90'][-12:].values,
                 alpha=0.4, label='level 90')
plt.legend()
plt.grid()
plt.plot()